​The History of Stockholm, Sweden - Written by Amanda Wisner
Stockholms historia, Sverige - Skriven av Amanda Wisner

Upon coming across this article, you may have thought: “Isn’t this an article in an earlier issue?” And, yes, it is practically the ‘sister article’ to The History of Gothenburg, Sweden, which I wrote about a year ago, but I chose to venture into a different city. This city is the capital and most populated city in Sweden. This particular city is Stockholm, Sweden, and the city that will be featured in this article. 
Stockholm dates all the way back to the thirteenth century, as time was nearing to the end of the Middle Ages, which had taken place from 1201 to 1300. At the time, trade and commerce were popular all across Europe, and many new towns were founded throughout these years. In the year 1252, Birger Jarl, (the regent of Sweden at the time) had founded the Stockholm.

Fast forward to 1289, Stockholm had been described as the largest place in Sweden, despite it seeming small to people today. 211 years later, Stockholm was a small city with a population of approximately 6,000 people. 

However, not all good things last forever, right? In this case, that’s correct. In 1519, the King of Denmark had invaded Sweden, and a year later he had seized Stockholm and had over eighty Swedish nobles executed for not sharing the same beliefs as he wanted the city to have, which is known as heresy. This series of events had been known as the “Stockholm Bloodbath”. Contrary to the terrible turn of events, in 1523, the Swede Gustav Vasa had recaptured the city. 
Moving forward to the seventeenth century, Sweden was a great power to Europe. Stockholm had begun to flourish. By the end of the seventeenth century, the population was approximately 50,000 people. Between 1641 and 1674, Riddarhuset, The House of Nobility was being built. But as quickly as everything had begun to thrive, through 1710-1711, plague had torn through the city, and an abounding amount of people had died. Not lowering its reputation as a city, Stockholm had recovered and flourished once again in the eighteenth century.

Following the plague, Tullgarn Palace was built in 1720, the Royal Palace was opened in 1754, the Obelisk was created in 1799, and the statue of King Gustav III was also sculpted in 1799. 
Throughout the mid-nineteenth century, Stockholm had been an extremely unhealthy city. With a lack of sewers and no piped water supply, there were most likely smaller illnesses and all types of ‘colds’ that, without a doubt, would have spread like wildfire. However, in the late nineteenth century, Sweden had transformed from an agricultural society to an industrial society. (In 1850, Stockholm held a population of 93,000, and by the twentieth century, it had grown to approximately 300,000). 

As Sweden had begun to flourish as an industrial country as a whole, many inventions had cancelled out the poor plumbing systems and other issues that were apparent (especially in Stockholm). For example, Stockholm had gained gas light in 1853, then a piped water supply was introduced in the 1860's. Following this, the National Museum was created and built in 1866, Stockholm Central Railway Station was constructed in 1871, horse drawn trams began running in Stockholm in 1877, followed by the first electric trams, which were introduced in 1901. While transportation and business were growing rapidly, the educational and historic parts of Stockholm were also brought into the light. Stockholm University was founded in 1877, the Swedish Army Museum was opened in 1879, Skansen Open Air Museum was introduced in 1891, the Biological Museum was introduced to the public in 1893, and Stockholm Music Museum had been founded in 1899. 
As a reader, you may be thinking “Wow, Stockholm flourished faster than anything!” And really, it had. As it continued to grow, the extremely successful city hadn’t brought disappointment, and continued to thrive throughout the twentieth century.

​Here’s a list / timeline of many more successes (with a minor downfall or two) that took place in Stockholm:
1628 - The Vasa (a Swedish ship) sinks
1905 - The Parliament House is constructed
1906 - The Postal Museum is introduced to the public
1907 - The Nordic Museum is built
1923 - City Hall is constructed
1943 - The Museum of National Antiques opens
Approximately Mid-Twentieth Century - Stockholm escapes damage by bombing in World War II; a program is created to modernize the city (This program included many old homes being demolished and replaced)
1953 - The Museum of Dance opens 
1961 - The Vasa is recovered and put on display in a museum
1986 - The Medieval Museum is introduced to the public

Throughout the years of its existence, Stockholm has overcome several obstacles on the way to becoming a wonderful, successful city. Nonetheless, from new inventions being put into use for the sake of the citizens’ health and safety to many museums celebrating the history of Stockholm, the city is now an unbelievably stunning and impressive city. The capital of Sweden is a popular tourist attraction, in which the industry shares its part in the city. From starting at a population of approximately 6,000 people in 1300, Stockholm is now the most populated city in the Scandinavian region, holding a population of about 960,031 people as of 2017.

​Julia Ischinger takes us on an inside look of the evolving swimsuit in this article of Shopping with Julia.

​Swimsuits have been in existence for about a century. Through the years, the fashion of swimwear has changed drastically for both boys and girls.

1920’s-1930’s
In the 1920’s-1930’s, most swimsuits were made out of wool, which often made the swimsuits heavy. Swimsuits became tighter and shorter, and women often had to be on the lookout for beach police, because if their bathing suits were too short, it could result in a fine or even jail. Men and women swimsuits were very similar and often consisted of a swim tank with a skirt or shorts. The men and women usually wore shoes when they were swimming. By the 1930’s, most men began to wear tanks with swim briefs.

1940’s
During the 1940’s, swimsuits were no longer made out of wool. Two-piece bathing suits also became very popular. However, women still wore one-pieces, which was often like a very short, tight dress. For men, swim briefs were still a trend, but swim trunks were rising in popularity. Men usually would wear swim trunks, some with a tropical design, and a matching short-sleeved button up shirt.

1950’s
In the 1950’s, the fabric to make swimsuits improved. Women usually wore a strapless, one-piece with a short pencil skirt. Swimsuit colors and patterns also became more bold. For men, briefs were still in fashion but knee-length boxer swimsuits became more popular.

1960’s-1970’s
During the 1960’s and 1970’s, bold-colored, high-rise bikinis and one- piece suits were very common. For women, bikinis with cover-ups became very popular, For men, colorful, patterned, and short swim briefs were still very popular.

1980’s-1990’s
Bathing suit fashion became more like it is today, with women bathing suits becoming shorter, and men’s suits becoming longer. Bikinis with string-bottoms became popular for women. For men, long swim trunks became the trend.

Present
Today, there are many different swimsuits available for many different body types and it seems to be a matter of personal preference. For example, younger women may choose to wear a bikini because it is more revealing, while older women tend to wear a one-piece. It is about comfort and how much one wants to show their body. Men seem to have it much easier, and continue to wear swim trunks that are basically shorts. Throughout the years, fashion has changed, including what people wear swimming or sunbathing on a hot, summer day.

​Washington Hall, one of the University of Notre Dame’s greatest architectural treasures is built high and wide with breathtaking sculpture and design. Dedicated to the arts and the theatre, it is a home to many students. Suddenly, a dark cloud falls over the beautiful building, ripping away it’s once innocent cover.  Unexplained footsteps make their way onto the roof, doors unexplainably slam shut with no one on either side. This is the only the beginning, soon the whole world will know the story of “The Gipper” and most, will wish they hadn’t. 

The year was 1920 when George Gipp made his way into the university history books, being the first Irish football player to make an All-American football team. He was known as one of the country’s finest football talents at halfback, setting records from leading his team in rushing and passing that still stand today. He was an all-star rookie, who was rising fast in the football world. Until tragedy struck, and his football career ended just as fast as it had begun. 

It was late on the night of December 14, 1920, when Gipp found himself locked out of his building after missing curfew. Feeling the exhaustion from the day, he decided to take a nap on the steps leading up the hall, assuming someone would eventually open the doors. It was then that he had made the deadliest mistake of his life. Yet, there was no way he could have known he was going to catch pneumonia from that cold December night, no way to know that that one choice would end his life at the young age of 25. 

It was first around Christmas of 1920, shortly after his death, that people had started reporting sightings of a ghostly figure. Campus newspapers reported, “residents of Washington Hall began to be bothered by night-time visits from a ghost who… blew a French horn with much violence...When they went fearfully to investigate he would be gone.” These were not the only sightings. Throughout the next years, the theatre in the hall was known to have many ghostly occurrences. Props began jumping off the shelves, strange music would be playing with no one around, even phantom footsteps were heard on the stage of the vacant auditorium. The Gipper, however, did not stop there. Still seemingly lurking the halls in 1925-26, a student, Pio Montenegro, claimed to see a ghostly figure described as the ghost of George Gipp riding a white horse through the halls and out onto the steps. 

Some say George Gipp’s ghost is stuck in the building, not able to escape to the afterlife due to unfulfilled responsibility. Other say he chooses to stay, wreaking havoc on those who never unlocked the doors, leaving him out in the harsh cold. Few, choose to remember him as the amazing football player who ended his career with a record-breaking 2,341 rushing yards. Most, however, will remember George Gipp as ‘The Gipper’, the ghost who roams Washington Hall.

Sources: 
“Ghosts Lurk in Football Stadiums with Haunted Histories.” Sports Planning Guide, Publisher Name Sports Planning Guide, 26 Oct. 2016, sportsplanningguide.com/ghosts-lurk-in-football-stadiums-with-haunted-histories/.
“Gipp, Ghosts Haunt Campus Lore // The Observer.” The Observer, The Observer, 30 Nov. -1, ndsmcobserver.com/2006/10/gipp-ghosts-haunt-campus-lore/.
Woodyard, Eric. “Spirit of Flint Athlete, 'The Gipper,' Haunts Notre Dame Campus.” MLive.com, MLive.com, 30 Oct. 2014, www.mlive.com/sports/flint/index.ssf/2014/10/spirit_of_flint_athlete_haunts.html.
“The Ghost of Washington Hall.” University of Notre Dame, University of Notre Dame, 2018, www3.nd.edu/~washhall/ghost.html.

Zoey's article was published in Issue 15 of Inspiring Teens Magazine.

On Thursday, April 3, 1862, Dr. Thomas Orton was quickly summoned to the Turner home.
The Turners 4th child Ann Amelia began to get sick. This was very alarming to the Turners because not long before they lost three of their other children. When their first child passed the local surgeon gave the official diagnoses of diphtheria. Diphtheria was very common in London at this time some symptoms of this disease include; a sore throat, fever, swollen lymph nodes, rashes, ulcers, coughing, muscle weakness, and a runny nose.

As each of the three previous children passed, all their deaths were blamed on this contagious disease. When Ann began to get the exact same symptoms though, the Turners requested Dr. Orton to arrive immediately. Orton’s notes stated that Anne was “suffering from extreme prostration,” which is commonly connected to diphtheria. Not Anne, nor any of the Turner children responded to the common diphtheria treatments.

Dr. Orton couldn’t do anything else to help Ann, but before leaving he took notes on the Turners living conditions. This includes the neighborhood, water supply, and cleanliness. Dr. Orton’s notes stated that the home was in “capital condition,” and from this Dr. Orton gained suspicion about the wallpaper.

One month later, Ann Amelia Turner passed away and Dr. Letheby quickly tested Ann’s tissue to confirm the cause of death. After testing the tissue Letheby released two statements.
One statement confirmed that the death of all the Turner kids was from arsenic poisoning. This comes from the bright green designed wallpaper that covered the walls in the children’s bedroom. The second statement told the common people how being in a room with arsenic colored wallpaper for a few hours could be lethal.

All of this information was brought to court, but the judge's condemnation of the use of arsenic colored wallpaper as “objectionable”. After the judge stated this the jury returned to the verdict of a “natural death” for the Turner children.
​
Over time the dangers of arsenic wallpapers were known by European manufacturers before the green wallpaper obsession got to Britain. However, even with the general public knowing the risks of the beautiful green wallpaper, many companies didn’t stop making them until the 1870’s leading to many more tragic deaths.

This article was published in Issue 14.
​

The fire that now burns continuously throughout Centralia is not what many would believe.

​ Back in 1962, a coal seam fire initiated 30 feet underground and would ruin many homes. The former citizens have presented many different theories regarding why the fire rose in the first place. For instance, the main theory is that as townsfolk were burning waste in a landfill and when the flames reached the gases that are in the coal mines under, the town it ignited an ever-burning fire.

 To this day, you can still go to Centralia or Route 61 for small time periods and see smoke rising from the ground and the sinkholes dispersed across town. The smoke that submerges from the fire consists of normal smoke and noxious fumes. These noxious fumes are the reason why most of Centralia's residents had to evacuate. There are only 7 people who strived to linger in Centralia.
​
  While walking along the abandoned Highway called route 61, you can see where the sinkholes split the road or caved in. All along Route 61, you can see spray paint designs as far as the eye can see. These pieces of artwork can be dated back to 2007. Walking along the road, you can see a variety of different things from positive messages to personal information and many modern sayings. These include different vines or quotes from shows that became popular over the years.  (There are also some profanity & inappropriate paintings, so hikers beware).

  In addition, people are not afraid to make others scared. For example, a sewer drain reads “come play with me” near the name “Pennywise” with an arrow pointing down on the highway. In front of that was an arrow pointing to the sewer saying “you’ll float too”.
 
 The town of Centralia and Route 61 are also recognized by the name Silent Hill. The reasoning for this is that a movie was made in 2006 called Silent Hill. The creators of Silent Hill got their inspiration from the town of Centralia. Some locals believe that the creators got their inspiration from the 'haunted' aspect of Centralia.
​

  Many who visit Centralia at night claim that they hear voices from below the surface. For example, Scott Sailor openly told his story on the internet saying, "We found a slag covered hillside with steam coming out of it and were fascinated by some fossils we found, when we heard what sounded like a voice saying something inaudible from down below where we were. All three of us heard it. We figured it was someone else checking out the area too, so we sort of ignored it. Then we heard it again, a little more clearly. A few words and it sort of sounded like 'leave this place.'"
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 So, whether it is the idea of a 1,000-degree fire being 30 feet under you, the thought of a sinkhole falling, the noxious fumes or the voices from the coal mines that draw you to explore this area, be careful and safe if you choose to go on this spooky adventure.

 aa As you came across this article, you may have wondered, ‘What is the Iranian Hostage Crisis?’ Well, it may seem difficult to understand, but the Iran Hostage Crisis was a time period that Iran and the U.S., let’s say, didn’t get along so well. After a few small arguments between the two countries in past years, on November 4, 1979, the previous leader of Iran, otherwise known as the Shah, fled to Egypt since the Iranians did not enjoy the methods that their leader used to rule. After spending some time in Egypt, the Shah had developed a form of cancer, and then later travelled to the United States to seek medical assistance, along with further refuge from the Iranians.
     
            After the Shah was taken in and cared for by the Americans, the Iranian people were extremely displeased, and they had continued to take American people from the US Embassy, which is located in Iran. These Americans were held hostage for 444 days, and several people escaped, or were released during these days.

            While all of this was happening, President Jimmy Carter was creating small and non-helpful attempts to end the entire feud, and one of these attempts was Operation Eagle Claw. Carter intended to send two helicopters to Iran and have them rescue the hostages without the Iranians’ knowledge, but the operation was a failure because of the winds within the desert, in which they had blown them to the ground, and the mission was then compromised.

            The American Presidential Election was now around the corner, and Carter was far behind Ronald Reagan. As the election came closer, the majority of Americans decided that Reagan was a better man for a president, therefore causing Reagan to win the election by a landslide. When Reagan was officially sent into office, on January 20, 1981, the rest of the American hostages were released, miraculously, just a few hours later.
​
            Overall, the Iranian Hostage Crisis was an extremely painful time for many people, and it will definitely remain as an important mark in history. The Hostage Crisis should definitely be taught to students, to inform them about this important, tragic event. However, even if the Hostage Crisis is already a taught aspect in Social Studies classrooms across the country, many citizens, especially of our country, are uneducated about this topic. You may question how I know this, but that’s because; when I informed a few of my friends I was writing this article, they had asked the same question you may have asked; ‘What is the Iranian Hostage Crisis?

The sun was shining bright on our flowing dresses as we walked along the abandon train tracks. Going down the hill Kari, Leslie, my mom, and I felt a drastic change in temperature. All of us instantly got the chills, but we walked on.

As we continued walking the tunnel slowly started to take the spotlight. While we were taking pictures there was an odd scratching sound coming from behind the stone wall. Seconds later a thick white mist began to disperse from the mysterious tunnel. Suddenly, a frog emerged from a pile of leaves.

After some time, I finally aught the frog, but it leapt from my hands and hopped away so that I don’t catch him again. A new frog popped out, then another.  There were a lot of frogs...

Little did we know that there was a scarier story behind this tunnel.

The legend goes, a conductor of a train did not know how long the tunnel was. So when he thought it was a good time, he stuck his head out the window, to then be decapitated.

So if you go to the tunnel and put your head on the tracks, it is said that you will hear train sounds. Once you hear these train sounds you have to start running through the entire tunnel. If you don’t run and the train catches up to you, some say that your head will get decapitated just like the conductors.

Kari, Leslie, my mom, and I all were walking along the tracks to get back to our car, when randomly there was a deceased fox body, which was not there before. We all returned to the car spooked. Driving away all we thought about was what each event meant in the supernatural world. For instance; the cold is a sign of ghosts, the scratching could also be a ghost, the mist in addition could also lead to a sign of spirits, the frogs lean towards witches and lastly the fox, which is just unknown.

​Overall, I know that someone or something was there that day, we all felt it.